RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES(Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease, EMPHYSEMA, FROM PATHOLOGY -BSC NURSING 3rd SEM SYLLABUS.
Respiratory disease means which affects the respiratory system.and the organs involved in Respiratory system.such as nose , Trachea , bronchi ,Alveoli .
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Emphysema
- There are four types chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- 1-Emphysema
- 2-Bronchiectasis
- 3-Chronic bronchitis
- 4-Bronchial asthma
What is emphysema
Emphysema is a Respiratory disease in which walls of the alveoli permanently enlarged and destroyed causing patients fell difficulty in breathing out.
TYPES OF EMPHYSEMA
1- Centriacinar
In this emphysema central part of the acinus damaged .
Acinus is the functional unit of lung. It includes
1-Respiratory bronchioles
2-Alveolar ducts
3-Alveoli
If central part of acinus which is Respiratory bronchiole involved then it called centriacinar emphysema
2- Panacinar–
If all total acinus is involved in called paracinar emphysema
3- Paraseptal-
If distal part is affected such as. Alveolar sac is affected called paraseptal emphysem
4-IRREGULAR EMPHYSEMA –
it is characterised by uneven destruction of alveoli..
CLINICAL FEATURES EMPHYSEMA
Shortness of breath
Tachypnea
Laboured breathing
Barrel shaped chest
Cough
Less sputum
Weight loss
Pink buffer
X ray chest show hyperinflated lungs with small heart .P
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES
GROSS APPEARANCE
Destruction of the alveoli
STUDY OF TISSUE UNDER MICROSCOPE (Histological changes)
Large , distended abnormal alveoli
Large pores of kohn
Alveolar wall destroyed
Scaring in the small area of central part of the lungs.
Swelling and narrowing of bronchioles due to infl
Capillary may be thin
PATHOGENESIS
Smoking
Inflammation in lungs
Release of enzymes ( protease)
Damage of alveolar wall.
Loss of ilastic tissue
Alveoli enlarges
Air gets trapped in lungs
Reduced surface area for gas exchange
Breathlessness
Protease antiprotease theory
-protease means enzymes that break down lung tissue.
When a person smoke and inflammation occur at that time neutrophil come and release enzyme elastase.
This enzyme destroy bacteria and remove damage tissue.
Alpha -antitrypsin antiprotease is a protective substance which
When a person smoke this alpha-trypsin antiprotease inactivate and elastase become uncontrolled and destroy elastic fibers of alveolar wall .
