Common Respiratory Diseases
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Title -An illustration depicting the heart & lungs.
Author -Bruce Blaus
Source -Own work
This note is for nursing students , Medical students All can read it , Pathology -1
So best of luck
What is Respiratory system?
Many organs Are involved in Respiratory system such as lungs , bronchi , trachia which help in taking breathing inside the body and removing carbon dioxide to outside of the body .
The diseases of Respiratory system are
1-Pulmonary infections
2-Pneumonia
3-Lung Abscess
4-Pulmonary tuberculosis
5-Chronic Obstructive lung disease
6-.Bronchial Asthma
7- Bronchiectasis
8-Tumors of Lungs
All diseases with pathological changes will discuss one by one .
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is a group of organs that help in breathing. It supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT IN HUMAN IS MADE UP OF THE
FOLLOWING PARTS
1-External nostrils- For the intake of air to the lungs
2-Nasal chamber-It is lined with hair and mucus which trap dust and dirt from air .
3 -Pharynx It is present behind the nasal chamber and it is common passageway for both air and foods .
4- Larynx -Produces sound: It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate to create your voice.
5-Epiglottis– The epiglottis is a small, leaf-shaped flap of cartilage in the throat.
It covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing.
This prevents food and liquid from entering the airway and lungs.
6-Trachea- The trachea is a tube-like structure, also called the windpipe.
Its main function is to carry air to and from the lungs and keep the airway open.
7- Bronchi-The bronchi are two main air passages that branch from the trachea into each lung.
They carry air from the trachea into the lungs.
Inside the lungs, they further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
8-Bronchioles- Bronchioles are very small air tubes inside the lungs.
They branch from the bronchi and carry air deeper into the lungs.
They end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
9-Alveoli- Alveoli are tiny air sacs present in the lungs.
They are the place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between air and blood.
Their thin walls help in easy and efficient gas exchange.
10-Lungs – The lungs are a pair of soft, spongy organs in the chest.
They help in breathing by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
They contain tiny air sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange takes place.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTION
1-INHALATION AND EXHALATION–
1-Inhalation ( inhalation means when a person breath in)
Intercostal muscle and diaphragm work together during inhalation.
when the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and the chest expands. This allows Air and oxygen enter into the lungs.
intercostal muscles also lift the ribs upward. The chest expands, Air and oxygen enter the lungs .
2-EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN LUNGS AND BLOOD STREM
The Respiratory system help in exchange of gases bettewen lungs and blood stream. Such as alveoli.
3-The vibration of the vocal cord .
For voice production vibration of vocal cord is necessary
4– Regulation of blood pH – means maintaining acidity and alkalinity in blood , the normal blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45 . In Respiration blood pH maintain normal by controlling carbon dioxide.
5- Smelling Or Olfaction-
Olfaction means the sense of smell , it means smell different odours .
Example -Smelling flowers
WHAT IS PULMONARY INFECTION ❔
Lung infections also known as Pulmonary infections
Lung disease falls into three primary catagory.
1-Airway diseases-
Airway Diseases
Airway diseases are conditions in which the airways become narrowed, blocked, or inflamed, making breathing difficult.
Examples:
1-Asthma
Airways become inflamed and narrow → causes wheezing and breathlessness
2-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Long-term blockage of airways, usually due to smoking
3-Bronchitis means Inflammation of bronchi → causes cough with mucus
2-Lung tissue diseases-
What is Lung Tissue Disease❔
Lung tissue diseases are conditions that affect the lung tissue (alveoli and interstitium) rather than the airways.
These diseases damage the air sacs (alveoli) or lung tissue, so the lungs cannot exchange oxygen properly.
Examples:
Pneumonia – infection fills alveoli with fluid or pus
Tuberculosis – bacterial infection damaging lung tissue
Pulmonary fibrosis – lung tissue becomes thick and stiff
3-Lung circulation diseases-
Lung circulation diseases are conditions that affect the blood vessels of the lungs, interfering with normal blood flow and gas exchange.
These diseases reduce or block the flow of blood in the lungs, so oxygen cannot reach the body properly.
Examples:
1-Pulmonary embolism
A blood clot blocks blood flow in the lungs
2-Pulmonary hypertension
Increased pressure in lung blood vessels
Common features:
1-Shortness of breath
2-Chest pain
3-Fast heartbeat
4-Low oxygen levels
COMMON TYPES OF PULMONARY INFECTION
1-Empyema
2-Lung abscess
3-Tuberculosis
4- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
5-Cystic fibrosis
5- Asthma
CAUSES OF PULMONARY INFECTION
1-Pneumonia
2-COPD
3-Cystic fibrosis
SYMPTOMS OF INFECTION
Tightness in the chest
Body ache(( Myalgia)
Wheezing
Fatigue
Difficulty breathing
A crackling sound hear at the base of the lungs
DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY INFECTION
A throat swab
A blood culture
Imaging scans -Such as chest x-ray or CT scan
Spirometry-a device that measures air intake
Pulse oximetry -Which check blood oxygen level
TREATMENT OF PULMONARY INFECTION
Depending on etiology and symptoms different treatment for each pulmonary infection.
Antibiotic necessary for bacterial lung infections
Changes in lifestyle
Surgery may be necessary for chronic conditions like COPD
Next coming Pulmonary tuberculosis, pathogenesis, Histology and gross appearance.
For nursing students with pathogenesis and Gross appearance and Histology
